I’ve been walking around with the July/August 2007 issue of the Harvard Business Review constantly, for close to three years. Sometimes, if I'm getting on a plane, I'll put it with the other heavy stuff into my luggage, and then get it out later. When my last car broke down in the middle of an intersection, I got the magazine out of the trunk before I abandoned the car.
The article that I'm attached to is The Making of an Expert by Anders Ericsson, Michael Prietula and Edward Cokely. I would not normally bother to tell you all three authors for one article in my blog. This is not a medical journal. But I love the article so much, that I want you to know all of them.
The article changed how I think about what I am doing here. In my life. I think I am trying to be an expert.
Being an expert is not what you think, probably. For one thing, the article explains that “there is no correlation between IQ and expert performance in fields such as chess, music, sports, and medicine. The only innate differences that turn out to be significant”?and they matter primarily in sports — are height and body size. ”
So what factor does correlate with success? One thing emerges very clearly is that successful performers “had practiced intensively, had studied with devoted teachers, and had been supported enthusiastically by their families throughout their developing years.”
There are a few things about the article that really make me nervous. The first is that you need to work every single day at being great at that one thing if you want to be great. This is true of pitching, painting, parenting, everything. And if you think management in corporate life is an exception, you're wrong. I mean, the article is in the Harvard Business Review for a reason.
It used to be, more than 100 years ago, that you could be a prodigy and come out of nowhere and be great. There are stories like that, ones we hang onto when we do things like watch the Olympics and allow ourselves to think, “Maybe I'll be on the luge team in 2014.”
Today the standard for being an international success at anything is so high that the authors say you need to spend at least ten years working in a very focused, everyday way on the thing you want to be great at. Evidence: high schools swimmers today would beat Olympic records from years ago. (And in fact, the importance of hard work over raw talent is the subject of the most popular Freakonomics column ever in the New York Times.)
This part of the research worries me because there is not a lot I have invested this much time in. Maybe the only thing is writing. I'm not sure.
Well, there are other things, but I'm not sure I could be great. Figure skating is a good example. I figure skated for ten years. I was good, until I went through puberty and then was clearly the wrong body type to be doing double flips. I should have been a basketball player. Maybe.
A lot of being great at something is having the right coaching, and part of the right coaching is someone telling you where you're not gonna make it and where you are. I'm not sure I have this right now.
But the coaching that successful experts get is special. According to the article, usually someone starts with a local coach, for anything, and then the person moves on to a coach who has achieved huge success himself. And people who practice very hard every day start to have a sense of who can be a coach who is capable of helping them succeed, and who is a coach they have outgrown.
An example the authors use is Mozart. Yes, he had innate ability, but also, his father was a professional violinist, skilled composer and wrote the first book ever on violin instruction.
I am panicking that maybe I am just figure skating again. Maybe I am doing something I'll never be great at. I worry about this because I don't actually know what I'm doing. Am I getting good at bringing a startup from fruition to exit? Am I getting good at writing career advice?
I am thinking, maybe, the thing I'm getting good at is living my life out in the open. But I'm starting to worry that it's like figure skating. Because I have a natural limit: I don't want my kids to be psycho from overexposure. The farmer doesn't like being on my blog, and I am not getting good coaching right now. I mean, I'm not getting any coaching, I don't think.
This reminds me of the day I realized that my figure skating coach was an alcoholic. My dad picked me up at the rink. He asked why my skate guards were on. I said I never went skating. I said, “I think Ivar is sick.”
My dad said, “Yeah. I've been thinking that for a while.”
I said, “I don't think he really can teach me any more.”
My dad said, “I've been thinking that for a while.”
I remember the heartbreak I felt knowing that I didn't have a teacher. I remember also realizing that it's important to know who can teach and who can't. If you are a person who wants to be an expert, the thing you want most is a teacher. I think that's why I carry the magazine with me everywhere I go. To remind me to look. Like my life depends on it.
But I’ve recently started reading research beyond the article, and it turns out that the teacher isn’t the important per se, but rather, what you need is immediate, helpful feedback. And this is what you get when you have a blog. So maybe I am still on my path to being an expert, and I’m just crowdsourcing my coaching.
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Penelope
Once upon a time, I was working for an IT company. Due to various reasons, I ended up delivering several projects, which well took a toll on me.
Fast forward a few years, I became the go to guy when stuff with the similar technology broke. Did I become an industry expert? Definitely not. In house expert, maybe. A guru for those whose week in Google-fu
Posted by Alfred on January 30, 2010 at 1:56 am | permalink |
I partly agree and disagree with you regarding the statement of the requirements of being an expert. I do agree with you that being an expert takes a great deal of time. It also need coaching to provide feedback and mentoring for continual improvements until the relationship breaks down. However, I disagree with you stating that becoming an expert does not take significant amount of talent. In my mind, I think all three major components of time + effort, coaching + mentoring, determination, and talent. The reason for my statement is that if a person who’s talent in learning certain skills are so deficient that s/he would need 10000 hours to learn them as compared to a normal person (let’s say around 50 hours), wouldn’t that person become so discouraged to learn that particular skill?
Posted by Stanley on January 30, 2010 at 2:24 am | permalink |
Penelope what if your expertise is the ability to integrate, evidenced through your writing…topics, perspectives, questions and insights that may seem on the surface as conflicting or opposed as yours often do…I believe that is what your blog is at its core – example – how you build/live a life out of your personal integrity with the farmer (whether you are together or not) in the heartland with your appetite for the high-energy, fast-paced, extreme diversity (of people, ideas, etc) of big city life.
I recently read an article also in Harvard Business Review titled “How Successful Leaders Think” by Roger Martin, who studied successful leaders who are willing to embrace conflicting ideas or models. He found that these leaders, rather than defining their job as choosing from between opposing ideas, are inclined to reject the choice and instead seek a new and better model.
You are seeking a new and better model…for your life, for your writing, for your business…and you are practicing, practicing, practicing…important ingredients to expertise.
Posted by DebExo on January 30, 2010 at 5:46 am | permalink |
Loving this conversation. Talent is a hot topic right now in the UK at least for HR and learning professionals.
I think it is partly experience that makes you an expert but without the talent you wouldn’t want to do all those hours in the first place!
Talent is using those strengths in a way that you would willingly do for free, it’s effortless, part of you and makes you feel rewarded – Mihaly Cziksentmihaly in ‘Flow’ and the positive psychology guru, Marty Seligman (www.authentichappiness.org) – offers a free online test to find your signature strengths if you are interested?
Finally – a good coach is for a project (I have used some for writing and some for work) whereas a good mentor is for the bigger picture and maybe decades if you get it right. Asking someone is incredibly flattering for them and I’m sure they’d say ‘yes.’Just think of who would be a perfect mentor for you and pick up the phone.
Posted by Liz Timoney-White on January 30, 2010 at 5:53 am | permalink |
Great article!
Personally I believe that your inner drive will do most of the work. When you enjoy doing something, it’s easy to spend many hours on perfecting this skill. It all comes down to doing something you love as this will show through, like writing your blog posts. And concerning coaches, it’s great to have someone who’ll support you, but in my opinion it’s not the key factor.
Posted by Natasja on January 30, 2010 at 6:40 am | permalink |
Not sure I’ve ever commented on your blog before, but this post really resonated with me.
In my college “physics for poets” class, the professor said something that stuck with me. “Become really really good at something”
I have switched careers a lot–first acting, then TV ad sales, a masters in social work, stay-at-home-mom..
And now I’m a humor writer. Part of my obsessive fast-pace is that I yearn to have mastery over this craft. I want to excel, and enjoy the fulfillment that comes from staying the course.
In therapy I recently discussed this very wish–of having a coach who is well versed in freelance writing, the specific challenges of humor writing, and building your platform through publication and social media. Someone could coach me on one of these aspects–but not the whole package. I’ll probably end up doing it for others eventually.
So, I relate.
Ann
Posted by Ann's Rants on January 30, 2010 at 7:18 am | permalink |
I like this post because, while true success is always the result of focus and hard work, a great teacher / mentor can shave years off the journey. I also wish I had one and I see from the other comments I’m not alone.
Posted by Emily Bennington on January 30, 2010 at 8:22 am | permalink |
Hey there,
This is my favorite article you’ve written lately. I feel like you read my diary:) I also have that HBR article and wrote a similar post several months ago about this same thing. I actually determined all of the hours and years I spent studying and practicing certain disciplines and was frustrated to find out where I am with all of it. I constantly wonder if I’ll ever really be great at anything.
This also reminds me of some research done by Jean Chatzky, Merrill Lynch and Harris Interactive and the study formerly known as the 2008 Merrill Lynch New Retirement Study. A poll was administered to more than 5,000 people and one of the findings was that the wealthiest people (of the 4 groups they identified) were far less likely to switch from major to major in college and were far less likely to have swapped in and out of careers. Many of the wealthy have JDs and MDs – degrees that set them up for one occupation they are likely to stick with over the long haul – again time, and experience devoted to a specific discipline. Many also identify their passions early on and there are of course tremendous benefits to consistency.
As someone who has changed careers often this makes me nervous.
(You can see all of the research in the book The Difference.)
I agree that you need immediate feedback and that can be really hard to find these days. I am always looking for good teachers and people who love to mentor others. In looking back on my education and career(s) those teachers have made all the difference to me.
Thanks!
Posted by Melani Ward on January 30, 2010 at 9:23 am | permalink |
Okay, so 10’000 hours with industrious endeavor,mix in some talent, pause and see if what makes you an expert is relevant to your community and those you mentor. Penelope is a no brainer for an A.
The service industry is brimming with people who are experts with hidden talent who help and mentor people and are fullfilled. There is little “success” standard for this.
The ability to inspire after 10,001 hours-this is noteworthy and significant.
Very nice post.
Posted by A brief history of farmer no 2 on January 30, 2010 at 9:30 am | permalink |
Hi Penelope,
There are so many thought provoking issues here, I barely know where to begin.
It is true that our society typically rewards people who are very focused and successful at one thing ("the expert"). We like superlatives like best, fastest, youngest, etc. Isn't it interesting though, that for many of us, our focus growing up was on being well-rounded. We couldn't go to the best colleges if we just excelled in one subject or activity- no, we had to be excellent (but not necessarily the best) at every subject and be involved in myriad extracurricular activities. This has led many a bright mind down a path of being a successful underachiever instead of a focused expert.
I am one who advocates preparation and experience. To be successful in anything takes time and hard work. Nobody gets to hear about that part of the story because it isn't sexy, but with some lucky exceptions, most every overnight sensation (whether it is a business, expert, artist, etc.) has been working in a hard and focused manner for years.
I have also learned that for people who are typically in the "advice-giving" role instead of the "advice-getting" role (which, given your blog and writing, I am speculating you are more often in the former), it is hard to find the encouragement you need in casual interactions amongst friends and peers. The best thing that I have done personally is to hire an appropriate advisor or advisors. It could be a coach, strategist, advisor- everyone's needs are different and dynamic over time, but for an "advice-giver", since you are paying for it, you get the benefit of actually focusing on your needs 100% of the time, instead of your normal routine of focusing on helping others.
I would be happy to share some outstanding recommendations at any time.
Carol Roth
Posted by Carol Roth on January 30, 2010 at 10:19 am | permalink |
I am so thankful that I had the opportunity to grow up and go to school with some fantastic teachers. I did not know till I grew up how incredibly lucky I was. I this has to give you a great foundation for everything you do, even if you want to be an expert
Posted by Mari Jenkins on January 30, 2010 at 10:34 am | permalink |
Penelope and All,
This article and all your comments are like a gold mine for career advice -hungry people like me! Thank you all for sharing!
Posted by Tanya on January 30, 2010 at 11:03 am | permalink |
And when do you use your expertise, at whatever level, to coach/mentor others? Most of us are Mozart’s father, not Mozart.
Posted by Earth Girl on January 30, 2010 at 11:19 am | permalink |
Pen, Naomi’s comments were right on the mark, though Eliz’s followups too–what’s obvious to some needs relating to others.
You’re building a great network here. At some point, you should reach out to one and ask that person to be your coach / mentor. Or ask for suggestions for same.
Posted by Jay on January 30, 2010 at 1:10 pm | permalink |
You might be interested in “How to be an expert” at the Creating Passionate Users blog. It leads off with a interesting Ability vs. Time graph.
http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2006/03/how_to_be_an_ex.html
– Sam
Posted by Sam on January 30, 2010 at 1:53 pm | permalink |
In my case I’ve found that making a million little mistakes has been what works. It takes abit longer that way but you start to learn to anticipate what it is you might do wrong eventually. In whatever your pursuit is I think if you know just about everything you shouldn’t do, you start to develope expertise, which is the first step, and then you have to be relentless chasing down potential mistakes and converting them because I think part of being an expert is being able to have all the answers. I hope that came out clear, I tend to ramble.
Posted by Simon Thompson on January 30, 2010 at 9:05 pm | permalink |
#1 what have read about operating in a superstar economy? What you find out could be useful not just to you but a lot of other people. And #2, I cannot emphasize enough the power of Joseph Campbell to translate very smart and powerful things into succinct everyday understandable language. When in need of orientation and navigational clues, he's what I carry around with me.
Posted by Mark Porter on January 31, 2010 at 1:58 am | permalink |
i agree, talent is a myth that they taught us as children
Posted by farouk on January 31, 2010 at 2:44 am | permalink |
Hi P
So what happens when you become this expert?
Once you do your research, obsess about it as much as you want to, figure out what your expert thing is and then practice it until you feel you’ve got somewhere – what changes? What does being an expert do for you that isn’t there right now?
While the process of becoming an expert is interesting in itself, what’s more interesting is the level above that, i.e. what meaning do you attach to that, what’s compelling about it and how does it change what you do?
One more thought. I think we have the opportunity to become experts in all kinds of things (and those things will evolve over time), and I’m a great believer that you can only masterfully help other in something you’ve succeeded at yourself. Surely at the meta-level we’re all trying to become experts in being ourselves?
Posted by Steve Errey on January 31, 2010 at 6:15 am | permalink |
Great post. Yes, the Gladwell stuff of 10,000 hours applies, but so does the first chapter of the book Nurtureshock where they found out that kids learn and respond better when they are praised for their hard work instead of their intelligence. Everyone is looking for a shortcut to success, but it really comes down to rolling your sleeves up and focusing. We’ve lost that in this country and need to get it back. There is also a fundamental lack of development as we get older. That’s why it’s important to work for a company that will not only pay you, but develop you. This is always first to go with budget cuts.
Posted by Playstead on January 31, 2010 at 11:02 am | permalink |
This post instantly reminded me of research sourced in the book “This Is Your Brain On Music” by Daniel Levitin. He speaks about that the people commonly in the top of their class on average practice significant more than anyone else.
In related specifically to being able to play a musical instrument, is that a person needs to log a certain amount of time of practice to truly become an expert, as the first comment on this mentions “10 000 hours”. Levitin mentions that a person like Beethoven basically started practice at such an early age that he was an expert by the time he was a teenager. It was not until that point that Beethoven wrote his greatest pieces.
As someone starting his career this makes me think of two things. First, that eventually you can become an expert at something if you put enough time into it, no matter at what time in your life that you start. Of course if you started sooner you would become an expert sooner, sort of like investing. Second, people who are older than you most likely are better than you because they have been doing it longer, but if you’ve been doing practicing at something different, you can bring something to the table as well.
I know Penelope has stressed that even people entering the work force have something to offer, even if they think they don’t.
Posted by John Mattucci on January 31, 2010 at 11:07 am | permalink |
That Harvard Review article sounds almost exactly like the Scientific American article from their August 2006 article called “The Expert Mind” (now behind a paywall, but here’s a PDF http://wimse.fsu.edu/media/expert-mind.pdf). It comes to all the same conclusions that you outline from the HBR article. The secret to becoming an expert is 10 years of what they call “effortful study”, or continually attempting tasks just outside of your ability. Look at any so-called child prodigy and you’ll find that they were pushed into a huge amount of practice from a very early age.
I actually think its great that it takes 10 years to become an expert because it is yet another nail in the coffin of the notion of destiny. It gives me a lot of hope to think that if I live an average lifespan that I’ve got plenty of time to become a world-class expert in one or more subjects.
Posted by Andrew on January 31, 2010 at 5:07 pm | permalink |
Three questions:
a. Do you think you want to become an expert because the focus of concentrating on one thing would calm your mind and centre your life?
b. Do experts regret spending 10 000 hours of their life on just one thing? I’m thinking of Olympic athletes after they step off of the podium.
c. Is expert just another way of saying perfectionist?
Posted by Mary Lou on January 31, 2010 at 8:07 pm | permalink |
Hi P,
I think you’re good at surviving(!) and succeeding in different situations – figuring out the path to your goals.
Posted by m on January 31, 2010 at 9:40 pm | permalink |
Penelope, you will find balance with living your life in the open and respecting the wishes of your family and friends. There’s a line in the new movie, “Crazy Heart,” that reminds me of your struggle.
“Pick up your crazy heart and give it one more try.”
Hang in friend. Being an expert takes balance too.
Posted by Melissa Dutmers on January 31, 2010 at 10:43 pm | permalink |
@farouk
Talent is not really a myth. Its definately a gift to have talent in a particular way. But talent is nothing if you dont have the WILL to succeed or to achieve something with that talent. Lets take a basketball player for example, playing with his friends in his hood all day long. Hes got great talent and has always been better than his friends. BUT – he will always remain as the talented boy from the neighborhood if he doesnt have the will to make something our of this talent.
Posted by Lasse on February 1, 2010 at 2:58 am | permalink |
I agree to that. Talent should be developed more and in time of experience, we became a lot better on that talent.
Posted by Mary on February 1, 2010 at 6:07 am | permalink |
Penelope –
I’ve been following your blog for several months now, but have never commented. I don’t read it for the advice. I read it because you’re an interesting human being and through your stories, I get a sense of who you are, how you’ve struggled, and how your struggles and accomplishments are like/unlike my own. I read your blog because you’re engaged in the process of becoming an expert on how to live your own life. Just like me.
Posted by Jeff on February 1, 2010 at 8:28 am | permalink |
It is true that you need to work hard every day to be an expert in whatever you do. But, some people can work 25 hours a day and still not get there…
So it takes more than time and perseverance. I think talent and passion are essential – if you have these, the hard work will not be so painful.
Posted by Gabriel on February 1, 2010 at 8:44 am | permalink |
Coaching and mentoring is so important. But finding a good mentor is very tough. If you get stuck with a bad one, you may not realize it until you are too far down the path to switch. Bad mentors can instill bad habits which you may never be able to get rid of. One example is the “work-a-holic” mentality. The great mentors teach how to work more efficiently so you accomplish more than you peers/competitors. Bad mentors teach people to work longer hours.
Posted by Dina on February 1, 2010 at 11:36 am | permalink |
Some years ago the New Yorker ran a story summarizing an interesting study done in England. Piano students there apparently follow a standarized course, so it is relatively easy to idendify proficiency. The researchers took high achieving youth musicians and figured that they could find some sort of music gene or innate talent. Instead they found only two positive correlations: number of hours of practice and involved, supportive parenting. I believe the result is the same indicated by the other sources here as well as the HBJ article. Proficiency is within the grasp of many — but the Mozart example also shows that out of this many come a rare few whose particular talent matches the perfect learning environment. Hence the concert pianist, the Tiger Woods or the Roger Federer: the ideal confluence of nature and nuture. I had a writing prof who one day scoffed at the mention of a newly acclaimed author’s “first book.” “First published book, they mean,” he snorted, knowing that there were probably a mountain of previous manuscripts stashed somewhere. You can write a lot of pages in 10,000 hours. Presaging all these insights was 1930s tennis great Bill Tilden who wrote 60 years ago that you had to play several hours daily for 10 years before you knew how good you were.
Posted by LJTabak on February 1, 2010 at 12:06 pm | permalink |
In my book you are an expert. You name the subject…you can do it! I like the advice on careers, your love life, your chilldren, your past…
If your name is on it, I believe it!
Posted by Socorro Luna on February 1, 2010 at 12:48 pm | permalink |
You might enjoy reading “The Talent Code: Greatness Isn’t Born. It’s Grown. Here’s How.” by Daniel Coyle.
Enjoy! Dan
Posted by Daniel Castonguay on February 1, 2010 at 9:35 pm | permalink |
Which reminds me of Niel Bohr’s quote (the famous physicist): “An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes which can be made in a very narrow field.”
Replace “man” with “person”…
Posted by softwarecandy on February 1, 2010 at 11:11 pm | permalink |
I am an ice skating coach and a software developer. I spend a lot of time pulling my hair out while writing code and a lot of time laughing while on the ice. Coaching is the best job ever, except for the part about it paying bupkus where I live. There is nothing in the world like seeing students who didn’t think that they could do something suddenly get that skill and beam with pride. It doesn’t matter if they are 6 or 60, every new skill is a huge joy.
One of the great things about coaching is that it’s a positive feedback loop. I give constant feedback to my students, and they give constant feedback to me — both by their performance, and by the things that they say to me about what is and isn’t working for them.
Those lessons on the ice transfer to the rest of life, too, for me and for them. Whether they are going to be Olympic stars or not, the lessons about how to learn, how to work, and all the other little philosophical insights they don’t even know they are gaining, help in the other ventures in their life.
So is your current venture “just figure skating”? Well, if it is, I hope that you take all the deep and powerful lessons you can away from it to apply to the next thing you do as you continue to blossom and grow.
Posted by Lisha Sterling on February 2, 2010 at 2:06 am | permalink |